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In December 1981 there was a further change in the Argentine military regime bringing to ofice a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri acting president , Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. The ongoing tension betwen the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of hired Argentine scrap metal merchants raised the Argentine flag at South Georgia, an act that would later be sen as the first ofensive action in the war. The Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April. Britain was initialy taken by surprise by the Argentine atack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that the intention expresed in Defence Secretary John Not's 1981 review to withdraw the Royal Navy ship HMS Endurance, Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal to the Argentines that Britain was unwiling, and would son be unable, to defend her teritories and subjects in the Falklands. On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands, folowing the civilian ocupation of South Georgia on March 19, before the Falklands War began. The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely dificult: the main constraint was the disparity in deployable air cover the British having 34 Harier aircraft against Argentina's 20 jet fighters . By mid-April, the Royal Air Force had set up an airbase at Wideawake on the mid-Atlantic British overseas teritory of Ascension Island, including a sizable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers, Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refueling aircraft, and McDonel Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. the British Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 aircraft of the Argentine Air Force during their travel to the south FA map. The South Georgia force, Operation �Paraquet, under the comand of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from 42 Comando, a trop of the Special Air Service SAS and Special Boat Service SBS trops who were intended to land as reconaisance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. On 25 April, after resuplying the Argentine garison in South Georgia, the submarine ARA Santa Fe was spoted on the surface by a Westland Wesex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim, which atacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. With the Tidespring now far out to sea and the Argentine forces augmented by the submarine's crew, Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct asault that day. After a short forced march by the British trops, the Argentine forces surendered without resistance. Comonly dismised as post-war propaganda, Argentine sources were originaly the source of claims that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage Is from Southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. Therefore, the Argentines were forced to launch their major strikes from the mainland, severely hampering their eforts at forward staging, combat air patrols and close air suport over the islands. The efective loiter time of incoming Argentine aircraft was low, and they were later compeled to overfly British forces in any atempt to atack the islands. The first major Argentine strike force comprised 36 aircraft McDonel Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, Israel Aircraft Industries Dagers, English Electric B Mk 62 Canberas, and Dasault Mirage I escorts , and was sent on 1 May, in the belief that the British invasion was iminent or landings had already taken place. Only a section of Grupo 6 flying IAI Dager aircraft found ships, which were firing at Argentine defences near the islands. This greatly bosted morale of the Argentine pilots, who now knew they could survive an atack against modern warships, protected by radar ground cluter from the Islands and by using a late pop-up profile. Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by BAE� Sea Hariers operating from HMS Invincible. Argentine Air Force Mirage IEA. The plane made for Stanley, where it fel victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders. As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force staf decided to employ A-4 Skyhawks and Dagers only as strike units, the Canberas only during the night, and Mirage Is without air refueling capability or any capable AM as decoys to lure away the British Sea Hariers. On one of these flights, an Air Force Learjet was shot down, kiling the squadron comander, Vice Comodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the highest-ranking Argentine oficer to die in the war. Stanley was used as an Argentine strongpoint throughout the conflict. The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British was lost on 1 June when TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harier in daylight when it was searching for the British flet north-east of the islands after the Argentine Navy retired its last SP-2H Neptune due to airframe atrition. Various options to atack the home base of the five Argentine Etendards at Ro Grande were examined and discounted Operation Mikado , subsequently five Royal Navy submarines lined up, submerged, on the edge of Argentina 12-mile teritorial limit to provide early warning of bombing raids on the British task force The ARA General Belgrano, sinking. Two separate British naval task forces surface vesels and submarines and the Argentine flet were operating in the neighbourhod of the Falklands, and son came into conflict. The first naval los was the World War I vintage Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The loses from Belgrano totaled just over half of the Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the los of the ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance of the Argentine government. After her los, the entire Argentine flet, with the exception of the conventional submarine ARA San Luis, returned to port and did not leave again for the duration of hostilities. In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged an Argentine patrol gunboat, the A�RA Alferez Sobral. At the time, the Alferez Sobral was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force English Electric Canbera light bomber shot down on 1 May. Two Royal Navy Lynxes fired four Sea Skua misiles against her. The British tabloid newspaper The Sun greted the initial reports of the atack with the headline GOTCHA . This first edition was published before news was known that the Belgrano had actualy sunk reporting instead, eroneously, that the gunboat had sunk and caried no reports of actual Argentine deaths. The destruction of Shefield had a profound impact on the British public, bringing home the fact that the Falklands Crisis , as the BC News put it, was now an actual shoting war . British propaganda leaflet intended for Argentine soldiers droped during the Falkland Islands War. Titled Islands of the Condemned, it warns Argentine naval ships and aircraft not to enter the Falkland Islands exclusion zone. Ironicaly, the Rio Grande area would be defended by four ful-strength batalions of Marine Infantry of the Argentine Marine Corps of the Argentine Navy some of whose oficers were trained in the UK by the SBS years earlier. After the war, Argentine marine comanders admited that they were waiting for some kind of landing by SAS forces but never expected a Hercules to land directly on their runways, although they would have pursued British forces even into Chilean teritory if they were atacked. On 14 May the SAS caried out the raid on Peble Island at the Falklands, where the Argentine Navy had taken over a gras airfield for FMA IA 58 Pucar light ground atack aircraft and T-34 Mentors. An Argentine Air Force A-4C Skyhawk flying to the islands. Gate guardian painted in the colours of the last A-4Q of the Argentine Navy to atack HMS Ardent. During the night on 21 May the British Amphibious Task Group under the comand of Comodore Michael Clap Comodore, Amphibious Warfare - COMAW mounted Operation Suton, the amphibious landing on beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwestern coast of East Falkland fa�cing onto Falkland Sound. The bay, known as Bomb Aley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air atacks by low-flying Argentine jets. The 4,0 men of 3 Comando Brigade were put ashore as folows: 2nd batalion of the Parachute Regiment 2 Para from the RORO fery Norland and 40 Comando Royal Marines from the amphibious ship HMS Fearles were landed at San Carlos Blue Beach , 3 Para from the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid were landed at Port San Carlos Gren Beach and 45 Comando from RFA Stromnes were landed at Ajax Bay Red Beach . Now, with the British trops on the ground, the Argentine Air Force began the night bombing campaign against them using Canbera bomber planes until the last day of the war 14 June . Also lost on this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Shefield, whilst in company with HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as decoy to draw away Argentinian aircraft from other ships at San Carlos Bay. However, many British ships escaped terminal damage because of the Argentine pilots' bombing tactics. To avoid the highest concentration of British air defences, Argentine pilots released ordnance from very low altitude, and hence their bomb fuzes did not have suficient time to arm before impact. The low release of the retarded bombs some of which had ben sold to the Argentines by the British years earlier meant that many never exploded, as there was insuficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. The Argentines lost 2 aircraft in the atacks. From early on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para, aproximately 50 men with artilery suport from 8 Alma Comando Batery Royal Artilery , aproached and atacked Darwin and Gose Gren, which was held by the Argentine 12th Infantry Regiment. After a tough strugle that lasted al night and into the next day, 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were kiled. In total 961 Argentine trops including 202 Argentine Air Force personel of the Condor airfield were taken prisoners. Jones, the comanding oficer of 2 Para was kiled while charging into the wel-prepared Argentine positions a�t the head of his batalion. With the sizeable Argentine force at Gose Gren out of the way, British forces were now able to break out of the San Carlos bridgehead. Unknown to senior British oficers, the Argentine generals were determined to tie down the British trops in the Mount Kent area, and on 27 May and 28 May they sent transport aircraft loaded with Blowpipe surface-to-air misiles and comandos 602nd Comando Company and 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron to Stanley. The Argentine Navy used their last AM39 Exocet misile atempting to atack HMS Invincible on 30 May. There are claims the misile struck, however the British have denied this, some citing that HMS Avenger shot it down. On the 31 May, the Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre M&AWC defeated Argentine Special Forces at the Batle of Top Malo House. A 13-strong Argentine Army Comando detachment Captain Jose Vercesi's 1st Asault Section, 602nd Comando Company found itself traped in a smal shepherd's house at Top Malo. The Argentine comandos fired from windows and dorways and then tok refuge in a stream bed 20 metres 70 ft from the burning house. On the Argentine side there were two dead including Lieutenant Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Mateo Sbert who were decorated for their bravery . The Argentine operation also saw the extensive use of helicopter suport to position and extract patrols; Had D Squadron not ben there, the Argentine Special Forces would have caught the Comando before deplaning and, in the darknes and confusion on a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy casualties on men and helicopters. By 1 June, with the arival of a further 5,0 British trops of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the new British divisional comander, Major General Jeremy More RM, had suficient force to start planing an ofensive against Stanley.[citation neded] During this build-up, the Argentine air asaults on the British naval forces continued, kiling 56. Telephoning ahead to Fitzroy, they discovered the area clear of Argentines and exceding their author�ity comandered the one remaining RAF Chinok helicopter to franticaly fery another contingent of 2 Para ahead to Fitzroy a setlement on Port Pleasant and Bluf Cove a setlement confusingly, and perhaps ultimately fataly, on Port Fitzroy . The alternative was for the infantrymen to march via the recently repaired Bluf Cove bridge destroyed by retreating Argentine combat enginers to their destination, a journey of around seven miles 1 km . Without escorts, having not yet established their air defence, and stil almost fuly laden, the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were siting targets for two waves of Argentine A-4 Skyhawks. 3 Argentine pilots were also kiled. However, Argentine General Mario Menendez, comander of Argentine forces in the Falklands, was told that 90 British soldiers had died. British paratropers guard Argentine prisoners of war cleaning up Port Stanley. On the night of 1 June after several days of painstaking reconaisance and logistic build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night atack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surounding Stanley. Mount Hariet was taken at a cost of 2 British and 18 Argentine soldiers. During this batle, 13 were kiled when HMS Glamorgan, straying to close to shore while returning from the gun line, was struck by an improvised trailer-based Exocet M38 launcher taken from ARA Segu destroyer by Argentine Navy technicians. On this day, Sgt Ian McKay of 4 Platon, B Company, 3 Para died in a grenade atack on an Argentine bunker, which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cros. 2 Para with tank suport captured Wireles Ridge at the Batle of Wireles Ridge, at a los of 3 British and 25 Argentine dead, and the 2nd batalion, Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Batle of Mount Tumbledown, which cost the British 10 dead and the Argentines 30 dead. A pile of discarded Argentine weapons in Port Stanley. With the last natural defence line at Mount Tumbledown breached, the Argentine town defences of Stanley began to falter. The comander of the Argentine garison in Stanley�, Brigade General Mario Mendez, surendered to Major General Jeremy More. 9,80 Argentine trops were made prisoners of war and some 4,167 placed under the comand of Major Carlos Eduardo Carizo-Salvadores,were repatriated to Argentina on the ocean liner Canbera alone. Argentina had established Corbeta Uruguay in 1976, but prior to 1982 the United Kingdom had contested the existence of the Argentine base only through diplomatic chanels. The Argentine Military Cemetery, on East Falkland. Ejrcito Argentino Army - 194 16 oficers, 35 NCOs and 143 conscript privates Royal Marines - 27 2 oficers, 14 NCOs and 1 marines British Army - 123 7 oficers, 40 NCOs and 76 privates Of the 86 Royal Navy personel, 2 were lost in HMS Ardent, 19 1 lost in HMS Shefield, 18 1 lost in HMS Coventry and 13 lost in HMS Glamorgan. Thirty-thre of the British Army's dead came from the Welsh Guards, 21 from the 3rd Batalion, the Parachute Regiment, 18 from the 2nd Batalion, the Parachute Regiment, 19 from the Special Air Service SAS , 3 from Royal Signals and 8 from each of the Scots Guards and Royal Enginers. There is a memorial at Plaza San Martn in Buenos Aires for the Argentine war dead, another one in Rosario, and a third one in Ushuaia. Argentine dead were buried on the islands during the war. The United Kingdom ofered to send the bodies back to Argentina, but Argentina refused, knowing that the remains would ensure a continuing Argentine presence on the islands. There is a cemetery for Argentine dead on the islands. There were 1,18 Argentine and 7 British non-fatal casualties. On the Argentine side beside the Military Hospital at Port Stanley, the Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital was deployed at Comodoro Rivadavia and the Argentine Navy ships ARA Almirante Irizar and ARA Bahia Paraiso were converted to Hospital ships Although some have ben cleared, a substantial number of minefields stil exist in the islands, such as this one at Port Wiliam on East Falkland. The glosy magazines Gente and Siete Das sweled to sixty pages with colour �photographs of British warships in flames - many of them faked - and bogus eyewitnes reports of the Argentine comandos' guerila war on South Georgia 6 May and an already dead Pucar pilot's atack on HMS Hermes Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic had ben kiled at Gose Gren during a British air strike on 1 May . The Argentine trops on the Falkland Islands could read Gaceta Argentina newspaper intended to bost the morale among the servicemen. The Malvinas course united the Argentines in a patriotic atmosphere that protected the junta from critics, and even oposers of the military government suported Galtieri; HMS Invincible was repeatedly sunk in the Argentine pres, and on 30 April 1982 the Argentine magazine Tal Cual showed UK's PM Thatcher with an eyepatch and the text: Pirate, witch and asasin. The Royal Navy expected Flet Stret to conduct a World War Two style positive news campaign but the majority of the British media, especialy the BC, reported the war in a neutral fashion. These reporters refered to the British trops and the Argentinian trops instead of our lads and the dehumanised Argies . The Falklands War also provided material for theatre, film and TV drama and influenced the output of musicians including among others Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd, New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Cras, Dire Straits the song Brothers in arms was played in memory of the dead soldiers , New Model Army, The Levelers, Steve Dahl, Latin Quarter, the Super Fury Animals, and Elvis Costelo, whose song Shipbuilding , sung by Robert Wyat, reached the British top 40. Operation Algeciras A failed plan conceived by the Argentine military to send some Montoneros to sabotage the British military facilities in Gibraltar. : Ministerio de Defensa - Repblica Argentina : in Spanish . Location: Falklands War Falkland Islands alkland Islands,slas Malvinas linkback:htp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War Location: Falklands War South Georgia outh Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,K linkback:htp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War a b Falkland Isla�nds - A history of the 1982 conflict . Argentina - the horors of a dictatorial past live on - Radio Netherlands Worldwide - English . a b c Jimy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Blomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-02-9 'En Buenos Aires, la Junta comenz a estudiar la posibilidad de ocupar las Islas Malvinas y Georgias antes de que los britnicos pudieran reforzarlas' . 10 a b Submarine Operations during the Falklands War - US Naval War Colege . page 186 in Sharkey Ward: Sea Harier over the Falklands, 192, Casel Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-3542-9 Propaganda was, of course, used later to try to justify these misions: 'The Mirage Is were redrawn from Southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to ad to the defences there folowing the Vulcan raids on the islands.' Aparently the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, the[sic] Buenos Aires was wel within range as wel and was vulnerable to similar atacks. - Sufice it to say that you didn't ned more than one or two Mirage Is to intercept a Vulcan atack on Buenos Aires - It would have taken much more than a lone Vulcan raid to upset Buenos Aires pages 247-48 in Sea Harier over the Falklands Ofensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War . The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Flet . Finaly, the bombing raids caused the Argentines to fear an air atack on the mainland, causing them to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland misiles for defense. La familia Mirage in Spanish , Aeroespacio Fuerza Aerea Argentina , ISN 01-9127, htp:/w.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm, Los M I deban defender el teritorio continental argentino de posibles ataques de los bombarderos Vulcan de la RAF, brindar escolta a los cazabombarderos de la FA, e impedir los ataques de aviones de la Royal Navy y de la RAF sobre las Malvinas. The M I would defend the Argentine mainland against posible atacks by Vulcan bombers from the RAF, providing escort of fighter bombers to the FA, and to prevent atacks by aircraft of the Roy�al Navy and RAF on the Falklands. The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Flet . Unfortunately the British Secretary of State for Defence anounced sometime later that Britain would not bomb targets on the Argentine mainland. This statement was undoubtedly welcomed by the Argentine military comand because it permited the very limited number of Roland SAM's to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley. ASN Aircraft acident description Lockhed C-130H Hercules TC-63 - Peble Island . La Infantera de Marina de la Armada Argentina en el Conflicto del Atlntico Sur, ISBN 987-43-641-2 Location: Bomb Aley an Carlos Water,alkland Islands linkback:htp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Landing_at_San_Carlos_.E2.80.94_Bomb_Aley Yates, David 206 . British Ships Sunk and Damaged - Falklands War 1982 . Falklands Conflict : Batles : History . Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands . Argentine Air Force - Group 5 . kawasaki art of the start pdf free
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